With a voluntary export restraint (VER), the markup revenue (economic rent) created for the quantitatively limited trade is collected by the government of the importing county. the consumers in the importing country. the producers in the importing country. the exporting firms in the foreign countries Whenever the benefits of group effort fall on every member of a large dispersed group, regardless of individual contributions, there can be a sudden-damage effect. spillover effect. free-rider problem. negative externality.