(Solved): The Hershey-Chase experiment gave the final answer as to whether DNA or proteins are the genetic ma ...

The Hershey-Chase experiment gave the final answer as to whether DNA or proteins are the genetic material. Which of the following descriptions of this experiment is TRUE? They grew up two populations of bacteriophages: one with radioactive Carbon, and the other with radioactive Phosphorus. The radioactive Carbon ended up in the pellet after they centrifuged the infected and blended bacteria cells, showing that DNA is the molecule that gets inside and must be the genetic material. They grew up two populations of bacteriophages: one with radioactive Sulfur, and the other with radioactive Phosphorus. The radioactive Phosphorus ended up in the supernatant (liquid) after they centrifuged the infected and blended bacteria cells, showing that DNA is the molecule that gets inside and must be the genetic material. They grew up two populations of bacteriophages: one with radioactive Sulfur, and the other with radioactive Phosphorus. The radioactive Phosphorus ended up in the pellot after they centrifuged the infected and blended bacteria cells, showing that DNA is the molecule that gets inside and must be the genetic material. They grew up two populations of bacteriophages: one with radioactive Sulfur, and the other with radioactive Phosphorus. The radioactive Sultur ended up in the pellot after they centrifuged the infected and blended bacteria cells, showing that DNA is the molecule that gets inside and must be the genetic material. Wo know that Mendel's Law of independent assortment states that each gene is inherited independently. And we know that this is true for most genes, and the principle is correct (homologous chromosomes do line up independently and randomly on the metaphase plate). However, Morgan discovered that there is an exception to Mendel's law. Which of the following correctly describes Morgan's discovery? Morgan used a dihybrid cross to test for independent assortment and found that two fruit fly traits-black/gray body color and vestigial/normal wings are usually, but not always inherited together. He concluded that this is because they are close together on the same chromosome. Morgan used a dihybrid cross to test for independent assortment and found that two fruit fly traits-black/gray body color and vestigial/normal wings are never inherited together. He concluded that this is because they are close together on the same chromosome. Morgan used a dihybrid cross to test for independent assortment and found that two fruit fly traits-black/gray body color and vestigial/normal wings are always inherited together. He concluded that this is because they are close together on the same chromosome. Morgan used a dihybrid cross to test for independent assortment and found that two fruit fly traits-black/gray body color and vestigial/normal wings are rarely inherited together. He concluded that this is because they are close together on the same chromosome. Although the simple Mendelian traits studied in peas allowed Mendel to discover the basic mechanisms behind genetics, the majority of genes in humans are not simple Mendelian traits. Choose the description of a category of complex inheritance that is properly paired with a description of it. Pleiotropy is when more than one gene affects the same trait. Multifactorial traits are those that are expressed when another gene inactivates them, or "turns them off". Co-dominance is when heterozygotes are affected in by both alleles in separate, but distinguishable ways. Co-dominance is when heterozygotes express an intermediate form of the trait that looks like "blending" Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that traits are inherited independently. The data that helped him formulate this law included what kind of special test cross of pea plants? A monohybrid cross where two heterozygotes were bred together. A monohybrid cross where two homozygotes were bred together. A dihybrid cross where two dihybrids were bred together. A dithybrid cross where two hemizygotes were bred together. A trihybrid cross where two triple heterozygotes were bred together. During transcription in Eukaryotes RNA polymerase II attaches to the section of the DNA called the promoter with the help of transcription factors, opens the two strands, and creates a copy of one strand called the template strand RNA polymerase II attaches to the section of the DNA called the 5" cap, and with the help of transcription factors, opens the two strands and creates a copy of one strand called the template strand until it reaches the poly-A tail RNA polymerase Il attaches to the section of the DNA called the exon, and with the help of transcription factors, opens the two strands and creates a copy of one strand called the template strand untilit reaches the intron RNA polymerase Il attaches to the section of the DNA called the domain with the help of transcription factors, opens the two strands and creates a copy of one strand called the template strand, which allows for alternative splicing The 3-D structure of a DNA molecule is usually described as the famous double helix. What are the two main features of the double helix? parallel sugar-phosphate backbones, and concilmestry strands complementary strands, and parallel pairs of nitrogenous bases sugar-phosphate backbones that run in opposite directions and base pairs that are complimentary sugar-phosphate backbones that run in similar directions and base pairs that are idortical Question 7 ( 5 points) In the following cross: AaBBCc \( \times \) Aabbec What is the probability of producing offspring with the following genotype: aaBbCc \begin{tabular}{|c|} \hline \( 1 / 4 \) \\ \hline \( 1 / 8 \) \\ \( 1 / 2 \) \\ \( 1 / 16 \) \\ 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Question 8 ( 5 points) In a dihybrid cross between two yellow round pea producing plants (YyRr), one would expect to observe the following phenotypic ratio in the offspring, provided that the law of independent assortment was obeyed: \begin{tabular}{|l|} \hline \( 1: 2: 1 \) \\ \hline \( 9: 3: 3: 1 \) \\ \hline \( 1: 1: 1: 1 \) \\ \hline \( 9: 5: 5: 1 \) \\ \hline \( 3: 1 \) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Female mammals are genetic mosaics (and can be phenotypic mosaics) because they have two \( X \) chromosomes, so they express all the \( X \) chromosome genes they get from both parents whereas males express only those from their mother. they have two X chromosomes, but one of the X chromosomes in each call of the body gats tumed into a Barr body, so in some cells only the genes from the father are exprossod, while in other cells only those from the mother are expressed. they have two X chromosomes, but one of the Xchromosomes in each call of the body gots tumed into a Barr body, so in some females only the genos from the father are expressed, while in other femaks only those from the mother are expressed. they have one \( X \) and one \( Y \) chromosome, so thoy express all the \( X \) chromosome genes they get from either their father or their mother. Question 10 (5 points) DNA is not the only molecule involved in DNA replication, which of the following descriptions of the enzymes that are needed for DNA replication is TRUE? Primase is an enzyme that replaces the RNA primer with a DNA nucleotide. DNA polymerase III is an enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides to an RNA primer. DNA polymerase \( I \) is an enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides to an RNA primer. DNA polymerase \( I \) is an enzyme that attaches the DNA fragments together at the end of replication on the lagging strand. Question 11 ( 5 points) How are nucleotides translated into the correct animo acid? Each nucleotide codes for one specific amino acid Each amino acid is coded for by 1 or 2 different nucleotides Each set of three nucleotides codes for one amino acid Each amino acid is coded for by a triplet of mRNA's Question 12 (5 points) Because new DNA nucleotides can only be added to the \( 3^{\prime \prime} \) end both strands of DNA are replicated in the direction that is away from the replication fork the leading strand is replicated first, and the the lagging strand the leading strand must be replicated in parts, called Okazaki fragments the lagging strand must be replicated in parts, called Okazaki fragments Question 13 (5 points) Which of the following represents all of the gamete genotypes that may be produced by a pea plant with the genotype RrYy: Rr and \( Y y \) \( \mathrm{RY}, \mathrm{rY} \), and ry Ry. Rr, and rY \( R Y, R y, r Y \), and ry RR, Rr, YY, and \( Y y \) The primary job of DNA is to duplicate, or to make accurate copies of itself (in preparation for cell division). How does DNA do this? The DNA molecule opens in the center, creating replication bubbles, with a replication fork at each end of the bubble. New nucleotides are added to the outsides of the forks, making the bubbles get larger until they merge, and the result is two daughter DNA molecules with one old strand and one new strand of nucleotides. The DNA molecule opens at each 3' end, creating a replication bubble, with a replication fork inside it. New nucleotides are added to the insides of the fork, making the bubble get larger until the result is one daughter DNA molecule with one old strand and one new strand of nucleotides. The DNA molecule opens at each 5' end, creating a replication bubble, with a replication fork inside it. New nucleotides are added to the insides of the fork, making the bubble get larger until the result is one daughter DNA molecule with one old Strand and one new strand of nucleotides. The DNA molecule opens in the center, creating replication bubbles, with a replication fork at each end of the bubble. New nucleotides are added to the insides of the forks, making the bubbles get larger until they merge, and the result is two daughter DNA molecules with one old Strand and one new strand of nucleotides. Question 15 (5 points) Translation happens when the rRNA docks onto the ribosome, and tRNAs bring each amino acid that is complementary to the codon to be added to the polypeptide chain until it is complete happens when the mRNA docks onto the ribosome, and tRNAs bring each amino acid that is complementary to the codon to be added to the polypeptide chain until it is complete happens when the mRNA docks onto the ribosome, and rRNAs bring each amino acid that is complementary to the codon to be added to the polypeptide chain until it is complete happens when the MRNA docks onto the ribosome, and tRNAs bring each nucleotide that is complementary to the codon to be added to the polypeptide chain untii it is complete Transcription and translation differ in that transcription is when a copy of a gene is made out of RNA, while translation is when that RNA is used to make a protein transcription is when a copy of a gene is made out of DNA, while translation is when that DNA is used to make a messenger RNA transcription is when a copy of a gene is made out of RNA, while translation is when that RNA is used to make a transfer RNA transcription is when a copy of a DNA molecule is made, while translation is when that DNA molecule is expressed Question 17 (5 points) Aneuploidy may be the result of: duplication of a region of a chromosme inversion of a region of a chromosome nondisjunction during meiosis I only nondisjunction during meiosis \( \| \) only nondisjunction during meiosis I or meiosis \| Wild type fruit flies have red eyes (so beautifult). Thomas Hunt Morgan bred fruit flies in his laboratory until he observed the first example of an organism with a genetic mutation - a white-eyed fly. Which of the following is true about white-eyed fruit flies? Because the allele for whine eyes is on the \( \mathrm{X} \) crionosome, the fret whith-eyed fif was male. Because the alide for white eyes is on the Y chromosome, the frat white-tryed fly was mals. Because they are homozygous for a recessive allele, these flies are often blind. Because they are homozypous for a recesstve allele, these ties are an example of nondisjunction. Question 19 (5 points) During a , an individual with a dominant phenotype and unknown genotype is crossed with a individual to determine the unknown genotype. monhybrid cross, homozygous recessive dihybrid cross, heterozygous testcross, homozygous dominant monohybrid cross, homozygous dominant testcross, homozygous recessive Question 20 (5 points) The molecular structure of DNA includes one purine and one pyrimidine in each base pair Phosphodiester bonds joining nitrogenous bases in the center Guanine paired with Adenine, and Cytosine paired with Thymine 1' and \( 3^{\prime} \) ' ends of the sugar phosphate backbones, based on the number of the Carbon atom of the sugar