(Solved): 1. Cyclic esters (called lactones) can be reduced down just one oxidation state using DIBAl\( \mat ...

1. Cyclic esters (called lactones) can be reduced down just one oxidation state using DIBAl\( \mathrm{H} \), just like acyclic esters. However, in this case, the product is a cyclic compound commonly called a lactol. Looking at the reaction below, a lactol is really what kind of functional group? Then, with that in mind, show the product and mechanism for the reaction of this lactol with the given ylide. lactol 2. While we talked about primary amines giving imines and secondary amines giving enamines, why do we not talk about tertiary amines? Show a mechanism for the reaction of the following reaction and use that to explain why only starting materials are recovered in this reaction. 3. Carbohydrates are naturally occurring acetals and they make extensive use of the dynamic nature of acetal functionality. Show how the following disugar (dicarbohydrate) can be converted into two separate molecules of glucose using acid and water.